Urbanization bubble is a new concept in urban planning issues for examining sustainability at various levels of social, economic, environmental, and management. So far, no common definition provided for urbanization bubble that indicate a lack of research in this field. This research aimed at assessing futures studies of urbanization bubble in TEHRAN METROPOLITAN with focus on scenario planning. Research method in term of purpose is applied and in term of method is exploratory descriptive analytic one. Required data gathered through field study and document review. In field studies, Delphi technique performed in the form of a group of 30 people. For data analyzing, cross impact analyzes used in MICMAC software. Results indicate that 56 factors identified as key factors in five institutional, managerial, economic, social and environmental dimensions affecting future condition of urbanization bubble. Then, based on experts’ comments, 25 agents identified. Dispersion of the variables indicates the instability of TEHRAN's METROPOLITAN system. Five categories of influential, dual, regulatory, influential and independent factors identified. Final scores and ranking of key factors carried out and finally, three scenarios presented for the future status of urbanization bubble in TEHRAN METROPOLITAN.

This paper discusses the necessity of spatial METROPOLITAN planning to address the problems of fragmented policy-making. The analysis of sectoral urban policy-making has resulted in attempts towards integration and transformation of planning approach from “ land-use” to ‘ ” spatial” planning. An integrated, spatial planning suitable to resolve complicated, inter-sectoral issues focuses on affecting urban areas, and resolving complex and interrelated socio-economic and environmental problems. Despite the recognition of cities as self-governing entities in Iran, decisions are made by a divided public sector representing competing interests. Various attempts, implicit or explicit, to initiate an integrated and spatial METROPOLITAN planning system have factually failed to change planning and management approaches in TEHRAN. The purpose of this paper is to answer the question of why, despite the opportunities traceable in legal frameworks for establishing a more integrated and comprehensive policy-making and planning system and mechanism capable of coordinating sectoral policies at the METROPOLITAN level, has failed to replace sectoral attitudes. Using qualitative content analysis to the official document prepared for TEHRAN, a series of conflicting issues are exposed. These are, those between policy-making and planning by the elected as against appointed authorities, those between the acceptance of the status of urban as against national management and planning, those between “ research” and “ policymaking” on promoting integration amongst policies, those between “ procedural” versus “ substantive” aspects” of planning, and those that relate to different concepts of integrated spatial planning. These are the most important obstacles in the way of exploiting potential legal opportunities for spatial planning in TEHRAN.

Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) is a foundational element for determining design forces for new buildings and assessing the safety of existing structures. Consequently, decisions regarding the protection of urban infrastructures hinge on the outcomes of the PSHA. In recent years, numerous seismic hazard analyses have been conducted in TEHRAN, often yielding significantly divergent results. Such discrepancies can mislead analysts and stakeholders involved in urban safety. This article investigates the primary causes of variability in hazard results and quantitatively expresses the uncertainty associated with these findings. To achieve this, the Cornell-McGuire approach for PSHA is employed. The study's results indicate that the selection of ground motion prediction equations (GMPE or attenuation relationships), seismicity parameters(λ), and minimum magnitude(mmin) are critical factors contributing to this variability. Therefore, it is recommended that greater care be taken in selecting these parameters for PSHA conducted in TEHRAN.

Given the importance of urbanization and its subsequentcreation of Metropolises as complex systems, Future research will have a significant role in their fate. This paper attempts to provide a definition of concept of futures research, to explore its relationship with metropolises. In This regard, the analytical-descriptive method is used. Results show considerable importance of future research for metropolises. Eventually, due to lack of experience in our country in this topic, we Forced to use the experiences of countries that are leading in this field.

Tourism industry is one of the greatest and high-yielding economic activities with the highest added value. It affects directly and indirectly other social, economic and cultural activities.Developments of urbanization and life style in the modern times have made tourism planning and management an inevitable requirement. TEHRAN as one of the greatest cities in the country, region and in the world possesses various international tourism capacities; however, despite the large number of travels in the city, these capacities have remained unused. There is a mutual relationship between tourism development and establishment of infrastructures: tourism development in cities causes improvement of the infrastructures, and infrastructural developments improve urban tourism. The latter is able to change geographical bases of a tourism region and provide it with cultural, social, economic and spatial growth and development. Since, one of the most crucial problems of the tourism decision makers is accommodation, and since TEHRAN METROPOLITAN is the first destination of foreign tourists and as the country's capital is the center for holding cultural and political events, this paper has considered TEHRAN’s accommodation centers situation, using an analytical-descriptive method. Instrument of the research consists of documentary and library studies. A comparative study was briefly conducted to compare tourism industry in TEHRAN and Istanbul. In addition, effective factors and criteria for tourism development planning were assessed. This paper would present some considerations, concerning the tourism requirements, with an emphasis on the current situation of the tourism infrastructures and specifically accommodation. The results of the study reveal that adopting appropriate policies for distribution of tourism facilities in different tourism centers may improve tourism industry in the country.

Introduction In the field of regional synergistic development, synergy is defined as the cooperation, interaction, and benefit of subsystems from the benefits of interactions. Synergy is achieved through collaboration and complementarity and requires a high level of interaction to create the necessary network correlations to compensate for interdependence. Hence, regional synergy refers to regional cooperation, close communication, and continuity of interaction. Therefore, it can be said that regional amplification is the interaction between regions and a combination of cooperation and competition between regions, which aims to achieve an optimal system in which the effects of two or more structures or functions of a partner and each other. Consistently more than the sum of the effects of individual components and functions alone, various studies have explored the concept of synergy in the development of multicenter regions, ecosystems and energy, social theories, national and regional innovation systems, and economies of scale. Urban accumulation, regional growth, business development, have been used. But what has not been evaluated is the application of this concept in the field of economic development, especially in METROPOLITAN areas of developing countries, which are still involved in imbalance, lack of integration, functional coherence and unbalanced distribution of activities. The METROPOLITAN area of ​​TEHRAN is no exception to this rule. Due to the significant concentration of manpower, resources and economic enterprises, this region is known as the beating heart of the country, which can play the role of a locomotive and railroad for national development. Materials and methods The research method is quantitative. The research index has been determined according to the theoretical foundations and research background. To conduct the research, about twelve thousand companies were located in the METROPOLITAN area of TEHRAN based on 28 active ISIC codes. Then, the flow of goods between the cities of the region was collected and analyzed based on the information of the Road Authority using network analysis. In order to analyze the internal relations of firms, based on the output data table, the two-region method was prepared and the relations between manufacturing firms were evaluated. Results and discussion The study of industry specialization shows that the activities of radio, television and communication devices, energy production, computer and engineering activities, tobacco products and mining have the highest level of specialization over a period of twenty years. On the other hand, the study of the degree of specialization of activities shows that the coefficient of specialization of activities has decreased. This means that the cities of the province have a tendency towards similarity in industrial activities, which creates the ground for increasing synergy. A study of the spatial distribution of industries in 1975 shows that food and beverage products, other non-metallic mineral products, fabric metal products, rubber and plastic products have the most homogeneous spatial distribution in the METROPOLITAN area, respectively. In 1995, the spatial distribution of industries tended to be more balanced, and thirteen disciplines of industrial activity tended to be more balanced in the region. Fabric metal products, construction of machinery and equipment, rubber and plastic products, food and beverages have the highest spatial balance between industries in the METROPOLITAN area. Spatial analysis of industrial enterprises shows that the industrial enterprises of the province, affected by the factor of access and mobility of production factors, tend to disperse. In other words, the expansion of industries corresponding to the expansion of the communication network has taken place, and the returns caused by the scale in the cities of Rey, Karaj, Savojbolagh, Pakdasht, next to TEHRAN, have attracted economic enterprises to these cities. In terms of spatial concentration of employment, in 1996, the city of TEHRAN had 84% of the employment of industrial enterprises, which after two decades, this amount has decreased and reached 45. 42%. In contrast, the share of other cities in the METROPOLITAN area of ​​Rey (9/22), Karaj (8/04), Pakdasht (6/86) and Savojbolagh (6/27) has increased. The study of the degree of clustering of economic activities in the METROPOLITAN area shows that food and beverage products, other non-metallic mineral products, construction of machinery and equipment, machinery and electrical appliances, metal fabric products, manufacturing Chemical materials and products, rubber and plastic products, medical tools, optics, textiles, have the highest rate of spatial clustering among the industrial enterprises of the province, respectively. The study of employment of industrial enterprises shows that ten fields of industrial activity constitute about 80% of employment and 78% of the number of industrial workshops in the province. Conclusion The results show that the METROPOLITAN area of ​​TEHRAN has various economic and spatial capabilities to achieve economic development. Examination of indicators such as specialization, centralism, accumulation, diversity and clustering as a result of synergy shows that if the desired policies in this area of ​​the METROPOLITAN area, the ability It plays an irreplaceable role in the development of the national economy. The study of the place specialization index shows that TEHRAN is still known as the most specialized city in the METROPOLITAN area. However, over time, other cities have also increased in terms of specialization. The distribution of manufacturing enterprises in the region, according to Moran statistics, shows that after two decades, the spatial distribution of enterprises tends to become clustered. In addition, the spatial distribution of enterprises has been in line with the trend of expanding the communication axes of METROPOLITAN areas. In examining the space accumulation index, which analyzes the situation of the whole industry with respect to continuous space, they tend to be one-sided.

In the present study, the main purpose is the qualitative study on garbage collection in TEHRAN city. It has been done by qualitative research method. Semi-structured interview and purposeful sampling techniques were used in data collection. To do this, 15 people were interviewed and the sample size in the present study was determined based on theoretical saturation. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Theme analysis was performed at 4 levels of primary, main, central and core themes. A total of 184 initial themes were extracted from all interviews. In the main coding stage, the following 9 main themes were merged. Escape from poverty in the origin and the inevitable choice of inferiority, society's view to garbage collectors, and high stress, strengthening the cycle of academic reluctance and illiteracy, physical and mental torment, unknown horizon and confusion of the Khojies, legal ambiguity and customary definitions and contracts, complaints from relevant institutions, the entry of the mafia and the formation of rent and corruption. Finally, these themes fall into two categories of social harmfulness of recycling and institutional exclusion and illegallity of the status of garbage collectors in the second distrect in the form of the core theme of the structure of socially harmful and institutionally illegal, waste phenomenon explained..

Earthquakes can lead to different levels of damages and subsequently produce significant volume of debris. Management of such huge amount of debris needs special attention. Thus, it is vital to develop a comprehensive and cost-effective management plan. The present study was carried out to estimate post-earthquake debris volume in the 22 districts of TEHRAN under various earthquake scenarios [magnitudes of 5, 6.5, and 7.5 on the moment magnitude (M W) scale]. Subsequently, required machineries and manpower and equipment for removal of debris were calculated. Finally, best practical methods for reduction and recycling were also examined. The shortest routes for transportation of post-earthquake to disposal sites were also proposed using network analysis. Results showed that about 83, 321 and 4802 million cubic meters of debris will be generated at 5, 6.5 and 7.5 M W, respectively. Disposal site of about 13 km2 is marked within the area of study for the management of debris. Preparedness, emergency operations, rehabilitation and reconstruction are among the main activities that can reduce the earthquake-induced damages.

Introduction Understanding the natural characteristics of urban areas, especially their climatic features, is crucial for effective land management. Urban climate plays a fundamental role in shaping ventilation patterns, air quality, and thermal comfort. To enhance urban planning strategies, a suitable climatic classification system is essential for distinguishing different zones based on their environmental conditions. Climatic zoning facilitates the identification of distinct climatic features, enabling region-specific planning and management. Traditional climate zoning methods are insufficient for modern urban environments due to variations in land use, land cover, urban geometry, and structure. This research employs an applied approach, using descriptive and analytical methodologies. The study integrates multiple spatial data layers, including digital elevation models, land use/cover, building density, green spaces, and hydrographic networks, to classify urban climate zones effectively. These parameters provide a comprehensive understanding of TEHRAN's climatic conditions and their spatial distribution. Study Area TEHRAN, spanning 615 square kilometers, is situated between mountainous zones and arid plains, leading to diverse climatic conditions. The city's climate is primarily influenced by its topography, with the northern highlands experiencing more favorable conditions than the central and southern low-altitude plains. Local climatic differences arise due to varying land uses, such as green spaces, barren lands, asphalt surfaces, and residential zones. Building density significantly impacts the urban climate, contributing to distinct microclimatic conditions across different localities. The city's morphology and topography play a decisive role in shaping its climatic response units.  Discussion A geomorphological map provides valuable insights into the shape, structure, and texture of TEHRAN’s urban landscape. This map illustrates the relationship between natural features, built environments, and climatic conditions. Different neighborhoods within TEHRAN exhibit unique topographic characteristics, construction patterns, traffic densities, and accessibility, all of which influence local climate variations. Key homogeneous climate response units in TEHRAN include mountains (class 3), green spaces (class 16), and riverbeds/lakes (class 17). These units contribute positively to reducing air temperature, enhancing air quality, and promoting natural ventilation. Preserving these areas is crucial for mitigating urban heat island effects and improving urban climate resilience. To assess TEHRAN’s climate at a localized scale, topographic and urban structural parameters were analyzed. First, the spatial distribution of building density was classified into five distinct groups. Subsequently, a geomorphological map of TEHRAN was generated, identifying ten morphological classes. By integrating building density and urban geomorphology data, a homogeneous climate response unit (HCR) map was developed. This map serves as a vital tool for understanding and managing TEHRAN’s urban climate. Conclusion This research introduces a novel approach to urban climate zoning, previously applied in Lisbon, Portugal, for classifying urban climatic conditions. Central TEHRAN exhibits high building density, limited green spaces, and pronounced urban heat island effects. The primary factors contributing to the urban heat island phenomenon include high population density, intensified urban activities, and dense construction patterns. The geomorphological analysis highlights that central and southern TEHRAN, particularly districts with minimal green spaces (e. g., District 9), suffer from poor air quality and inadequate natural ventilation. These areas exhibit unfavorable climatic conditions due to high pollution levels, urban congestion, and limited airflow. Conversely, northern TEHRAN (e. g., Districts 1 and 4) benefits from superior air quality, attributed to its proximity to mountains, river valleys, and extensive green spaces. The prevailing wind direction in TEHRAN originates from the west, influencing pollutant dispersion patterns. Industrial concentrations in the western parts of the city exacerbate pollution levels in adjacent areas. Consequently, central and southern TEHRAN require strategic urban interventions to enhance climatic conditions. Recommendations include:-Integrating green spaces on building facades and streets.-Establishing water features such as ponds and fountains to moderate air temperature.-Utilizing reflective and cool materials in urban surfaces to mitigate heat accumulation.-Expanding green areas to improve air quality and humidity levels.-Regulating urban expansion to prevent excessive development in climatically vulnerable zones.-Designing transportation networks to facilitate natural air circulation. In conclusion, effective climate zoning strategies are essential for sustainable urban development in TEHRAN. Implementing targeted climate-responsive urban planning measures can significantly improve air quality, thermal comfort, and overall environmental conditions in the city.

Globalization is nowadays fact. As production factors, World circulation of capital, goods and information has created new configuration of economic, social and spatial relations. In this condition, appearance of global cities, as the main center of establishing of new functions and connecting of national economy to global economy, is the most spatial outcome of globalization. In addition to support of establishing and renewal of globalization's socioeconomics structures, this centers provide basis for functional and economic dynamics of local, regional and even national background. This means that the cities, especially METROPOLITAN regions, need establishing positive link with changes of globalization and its necessities.In this relation, the reasoning is that one of agents of un-sustainability of TEHRAN METROPOLITAN region is lack of positive relationship with globalization and world cities network in recent two decades. So, this paper analyzed the place of TEHRAN METROPOLITAN region based on indicators of economic globalization and global cities. Results showed that TEHRAN METROPOLITAN region has not entered into globalization process and is out of the world cities network, yet. So that, the index of foreign direct investment (years of 1372-1386) and foreign trade volume (years of 1378-1383), as two main components of economic globalization, and comparative comparing of them with some of other METROPOLITAN regions, showed the few share of TEHRAN METROPOLITAN region in globalization. Also, review of the results of world researches on global cities showed that the TEHRAN METROPOLITAN region is out of the world cities network.